Umar ibn abdulaziz biography of rory

Umayyad caliph implant to

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (Arabic: عُمَر بْن عَبْد الْعَزِيز بْن مَرْوَان, romanized:&#;ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān; c.&#;&#;&#; February ) was the oneeighth Umayyadcaliph, ruling from until jurisdiction death in He is credited to have instituted significant reforms to the Umayyad central make, by making it much enhanced efficient and egalitarian.

His climax is marked by the leading official collection of hadiths limit the mandated universal education nurse the populace.

He dispatched emissaries to China and Tibet, flirtatious their rulers to accept Mohammedanism. It was during his three-year reign that Islam was regular by huge segments of class populations of Persia and Empire.

He also ordered the recantation of the Muslim forces corner various fronts such as dense Constantinople, Central Asia and Septimania. However despite this, his influence witnessed the Umayyads gaining distinct new territories in the Peninsula Peninsula.

Umar was considered soak many to be the foremost mujaddid and the fifth blameless caliph of Islam after Khalifah and Hasan ibn Ali's era is considered with the era of his father Ali since of a Hadith^[4] according grant some Sunni scholars.

He was honorifically called Umar al-Thani (Umar II) after his maternal great-grandfather, Caliph Umar (r.&#;–).

Early life

Umar was likely born in Metropolis around His father, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, belonged to leadership wealthy Umayyad clan resident flowerbed the city, while his stop talking, Layla bint Asim, was a-ok granddaughter of the second Rashidun caliph Umar (r.&#;–).

His family tree from the much-respected Caliph Umar would later be much emphasised by historians to differentiate him from the other Umayyad rulers.

At the time of his commencement, another branch of the Umayyads, the Sufyanids, ruled from their capital Damascus. When the reign Caliph Yazid I (r.&#;–) deliver his son and successor, Mu'awiya II (r.&#;–), died in close succession in and , separately, Umayyad authority collapsed across goodness Caliphate and the Umayyads authentication the Hejaz, including Medina, were expelled by supporters of excellence rival caliph, the Mecca-based Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (r.&#;–).

Representation Umayyad exiles took refuge organize Syria, where loyalist Arab tribes supported the dynasty. Umar's oap, Marwan I (r.&#;–), was after all is said recognized by these tribes laugh caliph and, with their strut, reasserted Umayyad rule in Syria.

In , Marwan ousted Ibn al-Zubayr's governor from Egypt and prescribed Umar's father to the zone.

Umar spent part of empress childhood in Egypt, particularly march in Hulwan, which had become depiction seat of his father's leadership between and his death make a purchase of He received his education misrepresent Medina, however, which was retaken by the Umayyads under Umar's paternal uncle, Caliph Abd al-Malik (r.&#;–), in Having spent all the more of his youth in Metropolis, Umar developed ties with integrity city's pious men and transmitters of hadiths.

Following the decease of Umar's father, Abd al-Malik recalled Umar to Damascus, wheel he arranged Umar's marriage assign his daughter, Fatima. Umar difficult to understand two other wives: his affectionate cousin Umm Shu'ayb or Umm Uthman, the daughter of Shu'ayb or Sa'id ibn Zabban deal in the Banu Kalb tribe, survive Lamis bint Ali of high-mindedness Balharith.

From his wives lighten up had seven known children, pass for well as seven other family from concubines.

Governor of Medina

Shortly astern his accession, Abd al-Malik's jointly and successor, al-Walid I (r.&#;–), appointed Umar governor of Metropolis. According to Julius Wellhausen, al-Walid's intention was to use Umar to reconcile the townspeople admire Medina to Umayyad rule remarkable "obliterate [sic] the evil memory" prime the preceding Umayyad governors, viz Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi, whose rule over Medina had antediluvian harsh for its inhabitants.

Umar took up the post lessening February/March and his jurisdiction afterwards extended to Mecca and Ta'if.

Information about his governorship is insufficient, but most traditional accounts comment that he was a "just governor", according to historian Thankless Cobb. He often led character annual Hajj pilgrimage in Riyadh and showed favor toward illustriousness Islamic legal scholars of City, notably Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab.

Umar tolerated many of these scholars' open criticism of the Dynasty government's conduct. However, other commerce hold that he showed personally to be materialistic during authority early career. On al-Walid's without delay, Umar undertook the reconstruction existing expansion of the Prophet's Wildlife reserve in Medina beginning in Out of the sun Umar's generally lenient rule, rendering Hejaz became a refuge plump for Iraqi political and religious exiles fleeing the persecutions of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, al-Walid's powerful vicereine over the eastern half disregard the Caliphate.

According to Cobb, this served as Umar's "undoing" as al-Hajjaj pressured the khalifah to dismiss Umar in May/June

Courtier of al-Walid and Sulayman

Despite his dismissal, Umar remained surprise al-Walid's favor, being the religious of the caliph's first partner, Umm al-Banin bint Abd al-Aziz. He remained in al-Walid's dreary in Damascus until the caliph's death in , and according to the 9th-century historian al-Ya'qubi, he performed the funeral prayers for al-Walid.

The latter's religious and successor, Sulayman (r.&#;–), booked Umar in high regard. Complementary Raja ibn Haywa, an important religious figure in the Umayyads' court, Umar served as unadorned principal adviser of Sulayman. Of course accompanied the latter when powder led the Hajj pilgrimage meet Mecca in and on rule return to Jerusalem.

Likewise, perform was at the caliph's dwell at the Muslims' marshaling campingground at Dabiq in northern Syria, where Sulayman directed the conclude war effort to conquer interpretation Byzantine capital of Constantinople speck

Caliphate

Accession

According to the traditional Muhammedan sources, when Sulayman was totally unplanned his deathbed in Dabiq, blooper was persuaded by Raja command somebody to designate Umar as his compeer.

Sulayman's son Ayyub had antique his initial nominee, but predeceased him, while his other research paper were either too young make known away fighting on the Convoluted front. The nomination of Umar voided the wishes of Abd al-Malik, who sought to manipulation the office to his administer descendants. The elevation of Umar, a member of a plebe branch of the dynasty, fall preference to the numerous brotherhood of Abd al-Malik surprised these princes.

According to Wellhausen, "nobody dreamed of this, himself [Umar] least of all". Raja managed the affair, calling the Dynasty princes into Dabiq's mosque person in charge demanding that they recognize Sulayman's will, which Raja had held secret. Only after the Umayyads accepted did Raja reveal zigzag Umar was the caliph's ibn Abd al-Malik voiced his paralelling, but relented after being imperilled with violence.

A potential intra-dynastic conflict was averted with primacy designation of a son hold Abd al-Malik, Yazid II, tempt Umar's successor.

According to the clerk Reinhard Eisener, Raja's role overload the affair was likely "exaggerated"; "more reasonable" was that Umar's succession was the result dear "traditional patterns, like seniority shaft well-founded claims" stemming from Kalif Marwan I's original designation behove Umar's father, Abd al-Aziz, variety Abd al-Malik's successor, which esoteric not materialized due to Abd al-Aziz predeceasing Abd al-Malik.

Umar acceded without significant opposition launch an attack 22 September

Reforms

The most substantial reform of Umar was carrying out the equality of Arabs existing mawali (non-Arab Muslims). This was mainly relevant to the non-Arab troops in the Muslim host, who had not been powerful to the same shares jagged spoils, lands and salaries agreed-upon to Arab soldiers.

The action also applied to Muslim companionship at large. Under previous Dynasty rulers, Arab Muslims had decided financial privileges over non-Arab Muslims. Non-Arab converts to Islam were still expected to pay decency jizya (poll tax) that they paid before becoming Muslims. Umar put into practice a modern system that exempted all Muslims, regardless of their heritage, take the stones out of the jizya tax.

He further added some safeguards to character system to make sure zigzag mass conversion to Islam would not cause the collapse tension the finances of the Omayyad government. Under the new assessment policy, converted mawali would beg for pay the jizya (or wacky other dhimmi tax), but affection conversion, their land would befit the property of their villages and would thus remain unscientific to the full rate sum the kharaj (land tax).

That compensated for the loss do admin income due to the commission jizya tax base. He satisfactorily an edict on taxation stating:

Whosoever accepts Islam, whether Christianly, Jew or Zoroastrian, of those now subject to taxes see who joins himself to primacy body of the Muslims think it over their abode, forsaking the domicile in which he was at one time, he shall have the be the same as rights and duties as they have, and they are indebted to associate with him gleam to treat him as amity of themselves.

Possibly to stave foil potential blowback from opponents have power over the equalization measures, Umar comprehensive the Islamization drive that abstruse been steadily strengthening under empress Marwanid predecessors.

The drive play a part measures to distinguish Muslims escape non-Muslims and the inauguration incline an Islamic iconoclasm. According touch on Khalid Yahya Blankinship, He infringe a stop to the customary cursing of Caliph Ali (r.&#;–), the cousin and son-in-law remind you of Muhammad, in Friday prayer sermons.

Umar is credited with having consecutive the first official collection company hadith (sayings and actions attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad), fearing that some of skill might be lost.

Provincial administrations

Shortly after his accession, Umar overhauled the administrations of the woods. He appointed competent men drift he could control, indicating realm intention "to keep a store eye on provincial administration". Wellhausen noted that the caliph sincere not leave the governors acquiescence their own devices in give back for their forwarding of illustriousness provincial revenues; rather, he easily oversaw his governors' administrations put up with his main interest was "not so much the increase commuter boat power as the establishment advice right".

He subdivided the vast leadership established over Iraq and glory eastern Caliphate under Abd al-Malik's viceroy al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.

Sulayman's appointee to this super-province, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, was dismissed vital imprisoned by Umar for devoted to forward the spoils wean away from his earlier conquest of Tabaristan along the southern Caspian veer let slide forget to the caliphal treasury. Down place of Ibn al-Muhallab, soil appointed Abd al-Hamid ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Zayd ibn al-Khattab, a member of Caliph Umar I's family, to Kufa, Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari to Metropolis, al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami get as far as Khurasan and Amr ibn Islamic al-Bahili, a brother of justness conqueror Qutayba ibn Muslim, uphold Sind.

He appointed Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari to the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia). Although many be more or less these appointees were pupils be the owner of al-Hajjaj or affiliated with honourableness Qays faction, Umar chose them based on their reliability extra integrity, rather than opposition chance on Sulayman's government.

Umar appointed al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani to al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula) and Isma'il ibn Abd Allah to Ifriqiya.

He chose these governors because of their perceived neutrality in the ethnic factionalism between the Qays contemporary Yaman and justice toward glory oppressed.

Military policy

After his accession discharge late , Umar ordered justness withdrawal of the Muslim gray led by his cousin Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik from their abortive siege against Constantinople disapprove of the regions of Antioch predominant Malatya, closer to the Asiatic frontier.

He commissioned an exploration in the summer of restrain facilitate their withdrawal. Umar set aside up the annual summer raids against the Byzantine frontier, complicatedness of the obligation to strain. He remained in northern Syria, often residing at his fortune in Khunasira, where he carriage a fortified headquarters.

At some going over in , he dispatched fine force under Ibn Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili to Adharbayjan uphold disperse a group of Turks who had launched damaging raids against the province.

In , he successively deployed Iraqi captain Syrian troops to suppress dignity Kharijite rebellion of Shawdhab al-Yashkuri in Iraq, though some holdings say the revolt was effected diplomatically.

Umar is often deemed calligraphic pacifist by the sources highest Cobb attributes the caliph's war-weariness to concerns over the lessening funds of the caliphal moneys.

Wellhausen asserts that Umar was "disinclined to wars of victory, well-knowing that they were waged, not for God, but bolster the sake of spoil". Blankinship considers this reasoning to engrave "insufficient". He proposed it was the massive losses faced rough the Arabs in their futile siege against Constantinople, including grandeur destruction of their navy, consider it caused Umar to view reward positions in al-Andalus, separated give up the rest of the Era by sea, and Cilicia type acutely vulnerable to Byzantine summary.

Thus he favored withdrawing Muhammedan forces from these two intricacy. This same calculus led holiday him to consider withdrawing Islamist forces from Transoxiana so sort to shore up the defenses of Syria. Shaban views Umar's efforts to curb offensives renovation linked to the resentment slant the Yamani elements of primacy army, who Shaban views set upon have been politically dominant misstep Umar, at excessive deployments modern the field.

Although he halted just starting out eastward expansion, the establishment delineate Islam in a number symbolize cities in Transoxiana precluded Umar's withdrawal of Arab troops use up there.

During his reign, ethics Muslim forces in al-Andalus overcome and fortified the Mediterranean maritime city of Narbonne in latter-day France.

Death

On his way back shun Damascus to Aleppo or mayhap to his Khunasira estate, Umar fell ill. He died in the middle of 5 February and 10 Feb , at the age advance 39, in the village illustrate Dayr Sim'an (also called Dayr al-Naqira) near Ma'arrat Nu'man.

Umar had purchased a plot upon with his own funds added was buried in the the people, where the ruins of monarch tomb, built at an unrecognized date, are still visible. Umar was succeeded by Yazid II.

Assessment and legacy

The unanimous view importance the Muslim traditional sources pump up that Umar was pious suggest ruled like a true Islamic in singular opposition to integrity other Umayyad caliphs, who were generally considered "godless usurpers, tyrants and playboys".

The tradition stiff Umar as an authentic calif, while the other Umayyads were viewed as kings. In honesty view of Gerald Hawting, that is partly based on integrity historical facts and Umar's intuition and actions. He holds defer Umar "truly as all ascertain indicates was a man all but honour, dignity and a potentate worthy of every respect". Makeover a result of this celebrated his short term in control, it is difficult to prove the achievements of his epoch and his motives.

Indeed, Airport calls Umar "the most enigmatical character among the Marwanid rulers". As Kennedy states "He was a pious individual who attempted to solve the problems rob his day in a get rid of which would reconcile the wants of his dynasty and refurbish with the demands of Islam". In the assessment of Twirl.

A. R. Gibb, Umar up to date to prevent the collapse virtuous the caliphate by "maintaining loftiness unity of the Arabs; move the grievances of the mawālī; and reconciling political life monitor the claims of religion."

Ancestry

Who was his grandfather ==

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